The Information Processing Model (IPM) is a framework that describes how the brain perceives, processes, and stores information. It has been a foundational theory in cognitive psychology and education for decades, which emphasizes the use of sensory input, memory, and cognitive processes to perform tasks and solve problems.
At its core, the IPM consists of three key components: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. These components work together to ensure that the brain can process information efficiently and effectively.
Sensory memory is where information first enters the brain. It is the initial stage where we perceive and store information using our senses. This memory is short-lived, lasting only a few seconds, and can hold a large amount of information (depending on the sensory modality).
Short-term memory (STM) is also known as working memory or active memory. It is where information is temporarily held and actively processed for a short period, usually up to 30 seconds. The STM capacity is limited (around seven items/tokens) and can hold information in a variety of distinct formats (auditory, visual, and semantic).
Long-term memory (LTM) is where information is stored after it has been processed by the STM. LTM is relatively permanent and has a very large capacity (practically unlimited) where information is organized, categorized, and integrated into the individual’s pre-existing knowledge and experience. There are two types of LTM, implicit and explicit memory, which store information without conscious awareness and require conscious awareness, respectively.
Apart from these three key components, the IPM also describes the critical processing stages that take place during perceptual encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Encoding refers to the process of transforming external information into a neural code that can be stored in the memory system. Storage is the stage where the encoded information is maintained over time, while retrieval is the stage where the stored information is accessed and used. The entire process requires attention, engagement, and active processing in order to effectively and efficiently store and retrieve information.
In conclusion, the Information Processing Model is an essential framework for understanding how we process information, store it, and retrieve it from memory. To be able to use and apply this model, we need to understand its underlying components and the processes that occur at each stage. From this understanding, we can enhance our perception, attention, and retention of information, as well as our cognitive abilities, by employing effective attention and learning strategies.
